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Métis in Alberta are Métis people, descendants of mixed First Nations/native Indian and White/European families, who live in the Canadian province of Alberta. The Métis are considered an aboriginal group under Canada's constitution but are in some respects separate from the First Nations (though they live in the same regions and have cultural similarities), and have different legal rights. In Alberta, unlike in the rest of Canada, Métis people have had certain lands reserved for them, known as Métis Settlements. == History == Métis history in Alberta begins with the Fur Trade in North America. The Métis were created as a people by the interactions of White fur trading agents with First Nations communities. Métis populations grew up around fur trading posts of the North-West and Hudson's Bay companies.〔http://www.albertasource.ca/metis/eng/beginnings/introduction_origins.htm〕 For example, Fort Edmonton spawned a large Métis population that was involved in an annual buffalo hunt for many years.〔http://www.albertasource.ca/metis/eng/beginnings/metis_nw_settlements.htm〕 These Métis helped to establish the nearby settlements of Lac Ste Anne (1844),〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url =http://oblatesinthewest.library.ualberta.ca/eng/order/lacstanne.html )〕 St. Albert (1861), Lac la Biche (1853), and St. Paul de Métis.〔http://www.albertasource.ca/metis/eng/beginnings/metis_nw_agriculture.htm〕 The Hudson's Bay Company's claim in the west (called Rupert's Land) was sold to Canada in 1869 and its legal monopoly on the fur trade (not enforced since the trail of Métis trapper Guillaume Sayer in 1849) was officially ended in 1870. On the one hand this was an economic boon to the Métis as it opened the fur and buffalo meat trades to private Métis traders; however, it also exposed them to a flood of White European and Canadian people into their traditional homelands. Métis living further east in what later became Manitoba and Saskatchewan took up arms against the Canadian government in the two failed Riel Rebellions (or "Riel Resistance", 1870 and 1885) in attempt to assert their rights in the face of the newcomers. The end of these rebellions combined with the collapse of the fur and buffalo meat industries forced many Albertan Métis off their lands and reduced them to poverty. On the whole, the Métis culture and community survived, with farming replacing bison hunting and fur trading as the main economic activity in the Parkland Belt, though trapping and hunting have remained very important in the Rocky Mountain and Boreal Forest regions. In most areas of Métis settlement, the Métis lived in close proximity to other cultural groups and many have intermarried and assimilated into mainstream Albertan society to the point that their descendants no longer think of themselves as Métis. However in much of Northern Alberta, the Métis in more remote rural and isolated communities have remained culturally distinct. As a response to Métis dispossession and impoverishment, Métis political organization, dormant since the Riel Rebellions, was revived in the late 1920s, by a number of competing organizations such as the Half-Breed Association, the Métis Association, and the Half-breed Association of Northern Alberta. In 1932 a lasting organization was founded as L’Association des Métis d’Alberta et les Territories du Nord-Ouest by Malcolm Norris, Jim Brady, Peter Tomkins, Joseph Dion and Felix Calliou (the Métis "famous five"). In response to their lobbying, the Alberta legislature asked for an investigation, which became the Ewing Commission (a royal commission) of 1934-1936. Its report called for a Métis land base provided by the provincial government. The result of the report was the creation of twelve Métis settlements in 1938 by way of the Métis Population Betterment Act. In the late 1950s four of these settlements (Touchwood, Marlboro, Cold Lake, and Wolf Lake) were closed, requiring residents to relocate to one of the remaining eight settlements, all north of Edmonton. The Alberta Federation of Metis Settlements Associations was formed in 1975 as the umbrella organization for the eight settlement councils. Alberta signed the first of a series of the framework agreements with the Metis Nation of Alberta in 1989, outlining the basis for further cooperation. In 1990, the Federation of Metis Settlements and province of Alberta reached an agreement, the Alberta-Metis Settlements Accord,〔http://www.aboriginal.alberta.ca/documents/AlbertaMetisSettlementsAccord.pdf〕 that involved the payment of $310 million to the Métis by Alberta and the passage of four bills. The legislation consisted of Bill 33, the Metis Settlements Accord Implementation Act; Bill 34, the Metis Settlements Land Protection Act; Bill 35, the Metis Settlements Act and Bill 36, the Constitution of Alberta Amendment Act 1990. By this legislation, title to a total of of land was transferred to a new body, the Metis Settlements General Council.〔http://www.ammsa.com/publications/windspeaker/metis-legislation-gets-royal-assent#sthash.49sZwHvQ.dpuf〕〔http://www.aboriginal.alberta.ca/documents/BriefHistoryMetis.pdf〕 As of the 2006 Canadian census, Big Lakes County had the most Métis people per capita of any Canadian census subdivision with a population of 5,000 or more, due to the census' inclusion of the population of three Métis settlement municipalities within Big Lakes' totals. Recently, many Métis people have moved to larger urban centres, becoming urban aboriginals. In 2006, a total of 27,740 persons living in the Edmonton census metropolitan area identified as Métis, accounting for just over half (53%) of the region's Aboriginal population.〔http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-638-x/2010003/article/11077-eng.htm〕 Between 2001 and 2006 the Métis population of the Edmonton region grew by 32%.〔 Despite their recent legal victories, in 2006 Métis people in Alberta still faced higher rates of unemployment and disease, lower average incomes than their non-aboriginal neighbours.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Métis in Alberta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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